Selli, D., I. A. Baburin, et al. (2011). "Superhard sp3 carbon allotropes with odd and even ring topologies." Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 84(16): 161411.

Four sp3 carbon allotropes with six, eight, and 16 atoms per primitive cell have been derived using a combination of metadynamics simulations and topological scan. A chiral orthorhombic phase oC16 (C2221) was found to be harder than monoclinic M-carbon and shows excellent stability in the high-pressure range. A second orthorhombic phase of Cmmm symmetry, by ∼0.028 eV/atom energetically lower than W-carbon, can be formed from graphite at ∼9 GPa. In general, the mechanical response under pressure was found to depend on the structure topology, which reflects the way rings are formed from an initial graphene layer stacking.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.161411